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<h1>Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)</h1>
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<b>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</b>, popularly known as <b>Mahatma Gandhi</b>, was the primary leader of India's independence movement and pioneer of the philosophy of non-violence (Satyagraha).
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<h2>Key Facts</h2>
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<li class="level1"> <b>Born</b>: October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Died</b>: January 30, 1948, in New Delhi (assassinated)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Known as</b>: Bapu, Father of the Nation</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Philosophy</b>: Satyagraha (non-violent resistance)</li>
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<h2>Major Movements Led</h2>
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<h3>In South Africa (1893-1915)</h3>
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<li class="level1"> <b>Satyagraha Movement</b> - Against discriminatory laws</li>
<li class="level1"> Fought against <b>£3 annual tax</b> on Indians</li>
<li class="level1"> Opposed <b>immigration laws</b> and <b>registration certificates</b></li>
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<h3>In India (1915-1948)</h3>
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<li class="level1"> <b>Champaran Satyagraha (1917)</b> - Against indigo plantation system</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Kheda Satyagraha (1918)</b> - Against tax collection during famine</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)</b> - Against British rule</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Salt Satyagraha (1930)</b> - Dandi March against salt monopoly</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Quit India Movement (1942)</b> - "Do or Die" call for independence</li>
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<h2>Key Principles</h2>
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		<th class="col0"> Principle </th><th class="col1"> Description </th><th class="col2"> Application </th>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Satyagraha</b> </td><td class="col1"> Truth and non-violence </td><td class="col2"> Peaceful resistance to injustice </td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="row2">
		<td class="col0"> <b>Swaraj</b> </td><td class="col1"> Self-rule/Self-governance </td><td class="col2"> Political and personal autonomy </td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="row3">
		<td class="col0"> <b>Sarvodaya</b> </td><td class="col1"> Welfare of all </td><td class="col2"> Social and economic equality </td>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Swadeshi</b> </td><td class="col1"> Self-reliance </td><td class="col2"> Economic independence from foreign goods </td>
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<h2>Important Writings</h2>
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<li class="level1"> <b>"Hind Swaraj" (1909)</b> - Critique of modern civilization</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>"My Experiments with Truth"</b> - Autobiography</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Harijan</b> - Weekly journal for untouchability removal</li>
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<h2>UPSC Relevance</h2>
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<li class="level1"> <b>Paper</b>: General Studies Paper I (Modern History)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Topics</b>: Freedom struggle, Gandhi's philosophy, Civil disobedience</li>
<li class="level1 node"> <b>Previous Year Questions</b>:<ol>
<li class="level2"> Analyze Gandhi's role in freedom struggle (2019)</li>
<li class="level2"> Significance of Satyagraha in Indian independence (2018)</li>
</ol>
</li>
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<h2>Key Dates to Remember</h2>
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<li class="level1"> <b>1893</b>: Went to South Africa</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>1915</b>: Returned to India</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>1920</b>: Started Non-Cooperation Movement</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>1930</b>: Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>1942</b>: Quit India Movement</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>1948</b>: Assassination</li>
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<h2>Related Topics</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <a href="/doku.php?id=indian_history:non_cooperation_movement" class="wikilink1" title="indian_history:non_cooperation_movement" data-wiki-id="indian_history:non_cooperation_movement">Non-Cooperation Movement</a></li>
<li class="level1"> <a href="/doku.php?id=indian_history:1857_revolt" class="wikilink1" title="indian_history:1857_revolt" data-wiki-id="indian_history:1857_revolt">Compare with 1857 methods</a></li>
</ul>

<p>
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<p>
<em>Sources: NCERT Class 8, 10, 12 History textbooks</em>
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