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<h1>Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)</h1>
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<p>
The <b>Non-Cooperation Movement</b> was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement led by <b>Mahatma Gandhi</b>. It was the first mass civil disobedience movement in India.
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<h2>Background</h2>
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<h3>Immediate Causes</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)</b> - Brutal killing of peaceful protesters</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Rowlatt Act (1919)</b> - Repressive legislation curtailing civil liberties</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Khilafat Issue</b> - Concern over treatment of Ottoman Caliph post-WWI</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Economic hardships</b> after World War I</li>
</ul>

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<h3>Hunter Commission</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Set up to investigate Jallianwala Bagh</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Indians boycotted</b> the commission</li>
<li class="level1"> Led to Congress's decision for non-cooperation</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Launch and Programme</h2>
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<h3>Formal Launch</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Started</b>: August 1920</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Resolution passed</b>: Special session of Congress in Calcutta</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Ratified</b>: December 1920 in Nagpur session</li>
</ul>

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<h3>Four-Stage Programme</h3>
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<b>Stage 1: Surrender of Titles and Honors</b>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Return of government-conferred titles</li>
<li class="level1"> Resignation from government posts</li>
</ul>

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<b>Stage 2: Boycott of Government Institutions</b>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Law courts, schools, colleges</li>
<li class="level1"> Legislative councils</li>
</ul>

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<b>Stage 3: Economic Boycott</b>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Foreign cloth and goods</li>
<li class="level1"> Promotion of <b>Swadeshi</b> products</li>
</ul>

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<b>Stage 4: Mass Civil Disobedience</b>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Non-payment of taxes</li>
<li class="level1"> Complete non-cooperation</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Key Features</h2>
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		<th class="col0"> Aspect </th><th class="col1"> Details </th>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Leadership</b> </td><td class="col1"> Mahatma Gandhi </td>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Methods</b> </td><td class="col1"> Non-violent non-cooperation </td>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Participation</b> </td><td class="col1"> Mass movement across classes </td>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Duration</b> </td><td class="col1"> August 1920 - February 1922 </td>
	</tr>
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		<td class="col0"> <b>Slogan</b> </td><td class="col1"> "Swaraj in one year" </td>
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<span class='np_break'> </span>
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<h2>Major Events</h2>
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<h3>Constructive Programme</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Charkha (Spinning Wheel)</b> promotion</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Khadi</b> cloth production</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Boycott of foreign goods</b></li>
<li class="level1"> <b>National education</b> - Establishment of national schools</li>
</ul>

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<h3>Mass Participation</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Students</b> left government schools and colleges</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Lawyers</b> like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru gave up practice</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Peasants</b> in UP, Bengal participated actively</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Working class</b> joined strikes</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Regional Impact</h2>
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<h3>Different Regions</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Punjab</b>: Strong response due to Jallianwala Bagh</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Bengal</b>: Middle class participation, Khadi adoption</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Maharashtra</b>: Peasant movements</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Gujarat</b>: Gandhi's stronghold, maximum impact</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Tamil Nadu</b>: Justice Party opposed movement</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)</h2>
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<h3>The Event</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Date</b>: February 5, 1922</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Location</b>: Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur (UP)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>What happened</b>: Protesters burned police station, 22 policemen killed</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Gandhi's response</b>: Immediately suspended movement</li>
</ul>

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<h3>Impact</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Gandhi felt movement was becoming <b>violent</b></li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Fasting</b> by Gandhi to atone for violence</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Suspension</b> disappointed many Congress leaders</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Criticism</b> from leaders like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Outcomes and Assessment</h2>
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<h3>Positive Outcomes</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Mass awakening</b> and political consciousness</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Unity</b> between Hindus and Muslims (Khilafat)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Swadeshi movement</b> boost to indigenous industries</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Women's participation</b> in large numbers</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Rural masses</b> entered freedom struggle</li>
</ul>

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<h3>Limitations</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Sudden withdrawal</b> after Chauri Chaura</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>No concrete constitutional gains</b></li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Hindu-Muslim unity</b> was temporary</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Limited impact</b> on British administration</li>
</ul>

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<h3>Government Response</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Arrests</b> of leaders including Gandhi (March 1922)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Trial of Gandhi</b> - Sentenced to 6 years imprisonment</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Suppression</b> through force and legislation</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Formation of Swaraj Party (1923)</h2>
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<p>
<b>Leaders</b>: C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
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<p>
<b>Objective</b>:
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> Enter legislatures to create deadlock</li>
<li class="level1"> Continue struggle from within the system</li>
<li class="level1"> Alternative to Gandhi's non-cooperation</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Significance</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>First mass movement</b> involving all classes</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Demonstration of Gandhi's leadership</b> and mass appeal</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Foundation</b> for future civil disobedience movements</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Established pattern</b> of non-violent resistance</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Training ground</b> for future leaders</li>
</ul>

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<h2>UPSC Relevance</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>Paper</b>: General Studies Paper I (Modern History)</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>Key Topics</b>: Causes, features, impact, Chauri Chaura</li>
<li class="level1 node"> <b>Previous Year Questions</b>:<ol>
<li class="level2"> Analyze Gandhi's role in Non-Cooperation Movement (2021)</li>
<li class="level2"> Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement on different social groups (2019)</li>
<li class="level2"> Reasons for suspension after Chauri Chaura (2018)</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Memory Tips</h2>
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<p>
<b>REMEMBER</b>: <b>G</b>andhi <b>L</b>ed <b>N</b>on-<b>C</b>ooperation <b>A</b>gainst <b>B</b>ritish
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>G</b>andhi - Leader</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>L</b>ed - Leadership</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>N</b>on - Non-cooperation</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>C</b>ooperation - With British</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>A</b>gainst - Opposition</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>B</b>ritish - Colonial rule</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Key Dates</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="level1"> <b>1919</b>: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>August 1920</b>: Movement launched</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>December 1920</b>: Nagpur session ratification</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>February 1922</b>: Chauri Chaura incident</li>
<li class="level1"> <b>March 1922</b>: Gandhi's arrest</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Related Topics</h2>
<div class="level2">
<ul>
<li class="level1"> <a href="/doku.php?id=indian_history:gandhi" class="wikilink1" title="indian_history:gandhi" data-wiki-id="indian_history:gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy</a></li>
<li class="level1"> <a href="/doku.php?id=indian_history:1857_revolt" class="wikilink1" title="indian_history:1857_revolt" data-wiki-id="indian_history:1857_revolt">Compare with 1857 methods</a></li>
</ul>

<p>
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<p>
<em>Sources: NCERT Class 12 History, Bipin Chandra's India's Struggle for Independence</em>
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